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Commit d1cf30fb1fbb8bbf12149924e9b393b60d5a819c

Authored by Geoffrey Challen 2014-09-14 17:42:29 -0400

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	1	+++ a/.gitignore
	1	+ABSTRACT
	2	+/paper.pdf
	3	+/.xxxnote
	4	+/.draft
	5	+/.blue
	6	+*.swp
	7	+*.aux
	8	+*.log
	9	+*.out
	10	+*.bbl
	11	+*.blg
	12	+.deps
	13	+.~lock*
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	1	+++ a/Makefile
	1	+START = xxxnote nodraft noblue
	2	+END = missing
	3	+CLASS = $(PYTEX)/cls/sig-alternate.cls
	4	+
	5	+all: paper ABSTRACT
	6	+
	7	+figures:
	8	+ @cd figures ; make
	9	+
	10	+ABSTRACT: $(PYTEX)/bin/clean $(PYTEX)/bin/lib.py abstract.tex
	11	+ @$(PYTEX)/bin/clean abstract.tex ABSTRACT
	12	+
	13	+# 16 Nov 2010 : GWA : Add other cleaning rules here.
	14	+
	15	+clean: rulesclean
	16	+ @rm -f ABSTRACT
	17	+
	18	+include $(PYTEX)/make/Makerules
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	1	+++ a/abstract.tex
	1	+\begin{abstract}
	2	+
	3	+One of the reasons programming mobile systems is so hard is that modern
	4	+languages leave no way for programmers to express structured uncertainty. In
	5	+many cases, only post-deployment testing and user adaptation can determine
	6	+the right algorithm to use or the rate at which a timer should fire, and so
	7	+developers should not be forced to initially make these choices. As
	8	+paradoxical as it sounds, we believe less certain programmers will produce
	9	+better mobile apps.
	10	+
	11	+Instead, we introduce a new approach: structured uncertainty through a new
	12	+language construct, the \texttt{maybe} statement. \texttt{maybe} statements
	13	+allow programmers to defer choices about application behavior that cannot
	14	+made at development time, while providing enough structure to allow a
	15	+complete system to adaptive choose alternatives in the future. Eliminating
	16	+the uncertainty introduced by \texttt{maybe} statements can be done utilizing
	17	+simulation, split testing, or machine learning techniques, depending on the
	18	+type of adaptation appropriate in each situation. Our paper motivates the
	19	+\texttt{maybe} statement, presents its syntax, describes a complete system
	20	+for choosing from the alternatives \texttt{maybe} provides, and discusses a
	21	+prototype implementation.
	22	+
	23	+\end{abstract}
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	1	+++ a/certainty.tex
	1	+\section{From Uncertainty to Certainty}
	2	+\label{sec-certainty}
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	1	+++ a/common.tex
	1	+% 16 Nov 2010 : GWA : Any special macros or other stuff for this particular
	2	+% paper go here.
	3	+
	4	+\newcommand{\PhoneLab}{\textsc{PhoneLab}}
	5	+\hyphenation{Phone-Lab}
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	1	+++ a/conclusion.tex
	1	+\section{Conclusions}
	2	+\label{sec-conclusion}
	3	+
	4	+% \section*{Acknowledgments}
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	1	+*.pyc
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	1	+++ a/implementation.tex
	1	+\label{Prototype Implementation}
	2	+\label{sec-implementation}
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	1	+++ a/include/start.tex
	1	+\documentclass[letterpaper,twocolumn]{sig-alternate}
	2	+\usepackage{url,graphicx,multirow,hyperref,color,calc,ulem,threeparttable,tabularx,booktabs,enumitem,comment,subcaption}
	3	+\usepackage{minted}
	4	+\usepackage[group-separator={,}]{siunitx}
	5	+
	6	+\hypersetup{
	7	+ bookmarks=true,
	8	+ unicode=true,
	9	+ pdftoolbar=true,
	10	+ pdfmenubar=true,
	11	+ pdffitwindow=true,
	12	+ pdfstartview={FitV},
	13	+ pdftitle={},
	14	+ pdfauthor={},
	15	+ pdfnewwindow=true,
	16	+ colorlinks=false,
	17	+ pdfdisplaydoctitle=true,
	18	+ pdfborder={0 0 0},
	19	+}
	20	+
	21	+\usepackage[absolute]{textpos}
	22	+
	23	+\setlength{\TPHorizModule}{1in}
	24	+\setlength{\TPVertModule}{1in}
	25	+\textblockorigin{0.75in}{0.5in}
	26	+
	27	+\usepackage[all]{hypcap}
	28	+
	29	+\input{.xxxnote}
	30	+\input{.draft}
	31	+\input{.blue}
	32	+\input{common.tex}
...	...

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	1	+++ a/introduction.tex
	1	+\section{Introduction}
	2	+
	3	+All programmers must deal with uncertainty. The most appropriate algorithm to
	4	+accomplish a given task may depend on inputs that are unknown when the
	5	+function is written, and its performance may depend on features of the
	6	+specific device it is run on that are impossible for the developer to
	7	+anticipate. In other cases, real-world testing may be required to choose
	8	+between several approaches, which has led to the popularity of so-called AB
	9	+or split testing as part of the software development cycle.
	10	+
	11	+Mobile app programmers, however, are forced to deal with even more
	12	+uncertainty caused by mobility itself. Specific device features, such as
	13	+accurate location from GPS, may or may not be available. Networks come and go
	14	+and their properties may change, from fast and free Wifi links to slower or
	15	+metered mobile data connections. Energy may be plentiful or nearly exhausted,
	16	+depending on the device's battery capacity and the user's energy consumption
	17	+and charging patterns. These constantly fluctuating exogeneous conditions
	18	+make writing effective mobile apps particularly challenging.
	19	+
	20	+The most typical approach to addressing this problem is to force the
	21	+programmer to implement the required adaptation themselves.
	22	+Figure~\ref{fig-example-if} shows an example of an Android app attempting to
	23	+adapt to the device's battery level by establishing regular- and low-battery
	24	+code paths, with the latter attempting to save energy---by utilizing a slower
	25	+but more energy-efficient algorithm, computing an approximation instead of an
	26	+exact result, or deferring the computation.
	27	+
	28	+Unfortunately, this approach has several weaknesses. First and foremost, it
	29	+is unclear that the differentiation achieves the desired result. In the code
	30	+shown in Figure~\ref{fig-example-if}, there may be no differences between the
	31	+alternatives---neither conserves energy. Or the alternative designed to
	32	+conserve energy may actually consume more, due to bugs or incorrect
	33	+programmer assumptions. Or the result may depend on some other factor not
	34	+considered by the programmer, such as the type of network the device is
	35	+connected to.
	36	+
	37	+Second, adaptive programming frequently requires arbitrary decision
	38	+thresholds chosen before deployment. Even if the two code paths shown in
	39	+Figure~\ref{fig-example-if} achieves the desired result, it is
	40	+unclear what the threshold for choosing a path should be, or whether a single
	41	+threshold will work across all users, or whether the threshould should itself
	42	+depend on other factors such as how frequently the app is used.
	43	+
	44	+\begin{figure}[t]
	45	+
	46	+\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
	47	+% 14 Sep 2014 : GWA : Don't need to show all of the gory details...
	48	+%
	49	+% IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED);
	50	+% Intent batteryStatus = context.registerReceiver(null, filter);
	51	+% int level = batteryStatus.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_LEVEL, -1);
	52	+% boolean plugged = (batteryStatus.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_PLUGGED, -1) != 0) ? true: false;
	53	+\begin{minted}[fontsize=\footnotesize]{java}
	54	+if (plugged == false and batteryLevel < 10) {
	55	+ // Option A: Conserve energy
	56	+} else {
	57	+ // Option B: Don't conserve energy
	58	+}
	59	+\end{minted}
	60	+\vspace*{-0.2in}
	61	+\caption{}
	62	+\label{fig-example-if}
	63	+\end{subfigure}\\
	64	+\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
	65	+\begin{minted}[fontsize=\footnotesize]{java}
	66	+maybe {
	67	+ // Option A: Conserve energy
	68	+} maybe {
	69	+ // Option B: Don't conserve energy
	70	+}
	71	+\end{minted}
	72	+\vspace*{-0.2in}
	73	+\caption{}
	74	+\label{fig-example-maybe}
	75	+\end{subfigure}
	76	+
	77	+\vspace*{-0.1in}
	78	+\caption{\textbf{Typical adapation to available energy in Android Java
	79	+ pseudocode.} Figure~\ref{fig-example-if} shows error-prone
	80	+ programmer-driven adaptation using typical imperative language constructs.
	81	+ Figure~\ref{fig-example-maybe} shows uncertainty-driven adaptation using
	82	+ the novel \texttt{maybe} statement.}
	83	+
	84	+\label{fig-certaintyexample}
	85	+
	86	+\vspace*{-0.1in}
	87	+\end{figure}
	88	+
	89	+Finally, the current approach to adaptation fails to support post-deployment
	90	+testing. While it is possible to enable flexibilty, runtime adaptation, and
	91	+split testing using the languages typically used to program mobile systems,
	92	+these common tasks require writing large amounts of error-prone boilerplate
	93	+code, including APIs to adjust values at runtime and code to retrieve
	94	+settings from remote servers.
	95	+
	96	+The root of the problem is that today's languages force programmers to be
	97	+certain even when they are not, a weakness that becomes extremely serious
	98	+when combined with the uncertainties inherent to mobile systems programming.
	99	+Our solution is simple: provide developers with a structured method for
	100	+expressing uncertainty and allow other tools---including automated local
	101	+testing, split testing, and machine learning---to later determine what option
	102	+to choose.
	103	+
	104	+To do so, we introduce a new language construct: the \texttt{maybe}
	105	+statement. \texttt{maybe} statements allow programmers to express structured
	106	+uncertainty about how a computation should be performed and the values that
	107	+should be used to set variables. Figure~\ref{fig-example-maybe} shows a
	108	+simple case of a \texttt{maybe} case statement applied to our earlier
	109	+example. Instead of being forced to choose, or being forced to implement the
	110	+decision process, the programmer is free to offer two or more alternatives
	111	+that are different but both correct, although one may be preferable. At
	112	+runtime only one will be used during any given execution.
	113	+
	114	+How that choice is made is discussed in the remainder of our paper. We begin
	115	+by providing a more complete description of the \texttt{maybe} statement in
	116	+Section~\ref{sec-maybe}. Section~\ref{sec-certainty} describes the next step
	117	+of the process during which a variety of different approaches are used to
	118	+collapse programmer uncertainty into the require runtime certainty. We
	119	+continue by briefly describing a prototype implementation in
	120	+Section~\ref{sec-implementation} and describing related work in
	121	+Section~\ref{sec-related}. Section~\ref{sec-conclusion} concludes our paper.
...	...

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	1	+++ a/maybe.tex
	1	+\section{The \texttt{maybe} Statement}
	2	+\label{sec-maybe}
	3	+
	4	+\begin{figure}
	5	+\begin{minted}[fontsize=\footnotesize]{java}
	6	+// Setting variables
	7	+int i = 1 maybe 1-16;
	8	+string s = "you" maybe "me", "them";
	9	+
	10	+// Controlling code flow
	11	+@maybe
	12	+int myFunction(int a, int b) {
	13	+ // do something
	14	+}
	15	+
	16	+@maybe
	17	+int myFunction(int a, int b) {
	18	+ // do something else
	19	+}
	20	+
	21	+maybe {
	22	+ // do something
	23	+} maybe {
	24	+ // do something else
	25	+}
	26	+
	27	+// Including hints
	28	+
	29	+maybe (charging == false and batteryLevel < 10) {
	30	+ // do something
	31	+} maybe {
	32	+ // do something else
	33	+}
	34	+
	35	+// Including evaluation code
	36	+maybe {
	37	+ // do something
	38	+} maybe {
	39	+ // do something else
	40	+} better {
	41	+ // evaluate the choice
	42	+}
	43	+\end{minted}
	44	+
	45	+\caption{\textbf{Example uses of the \texttt{maybe} statement.} For
	46	+convenience and readability \texttt{maybe} statements allows uncertainty
	47	+about code flow to be expressed at the function and block level, and
	48	+uncertainty about variable values to be expressed whenever they initialized
	49	+or set.}
	50	+
	51	+\label{fig-maybeexamples}
	52	+
	53	+\end{figure}
...	...

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	1	+++ a/paper.tex
	1	+\input{./include/start.tex}
	2	+
	3	+\def\theconference{HotMobile'15}
	4	+\def\thetitle{\texttt{maybe} We Should Enable More Flexible Mobile App
	5	+Programming}
	6	+\def\theauthors{Geoffrey Challen and Lukasz Ziarek}
	7	+\def\theemails{\{challen,ziarek\}@buffalo.edu}
	8	+
	9	+\ifdefined\isdraft
	10	+ \usepackage{draftwatermark}
	11	+ \SetWatermarkText{Under Submission}
	12	+ \SetWatermarkScale{0.6}
	13	+ \usepackage{fancyhdr}
	14	+ \pagestyle{fancy}
	15	+ \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
	16	+ \lhead{}
	17	+ \chead{Under Submission to \theconference. Do not distribute.}
	18	+ \rhead{}
	19	+\else
	20	+\fi
	21	+
	22	+\begin{document}
	23	+
	24	+\ifdefined\isblue
	25	+\begin{textblock}{1}(6.4,0)
	26	+\noindent\href{http://blue.cse.buffalo.edu}{\includegraphics[width=0.6in]{./figures/logos/blue.jpg}}
	27	+\end{textblock}
	28	+\fi
	29	+
	30	+\date{}
	31	+
	32	+\title{\thetitle}
	33	+
	34	+\numberofauthors{1}
	35	+
	36	+\author{
	37	+\alignauthor\theauthors\\
	38	+\affaddr{Department of Computer Science and Engineering}\\
	39	+\affaddr{University at Buffalo}\\
	40	+\email{\theemails}
	41	+}
	42	+
	43	+\CopyrightYear{2015}
	44	+\crdata{}
	45	+
	46	+\hypersetup{
	47	+ pdfinfo={
	48	+ Title={\thetitle},
	49	+ Author={\theauthors}
	50	+ },
	51	+}
	52	+
	53	+\maketitle
	54	+
	55	+\input{abstract.tex}
	56	+\input{introduction.tex}
	57	+
	58	+\input{maybe.tex}
	59	+\input{certainty.tex}
	60	+\input{implementation.tex}
	61	+
	62	+\input{related.tex}
	63	+\input{conclusion.tex}
	64	+
	65	+{\footnotesize
	66	+\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{0.9}
	67	+\bibliographystyle{acm}
	68	+\bibliography{references}
	69	+}
	70	+
	71	+\end{document}
...	...

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	1	+++ a/references.bib
	1	+@string{proc = "Proc. "}
	2	+@string{sosp = "SOSP"}
	3	+@string{osdi = "OSDI"}
	4	+
	5	+@misc{presence-peoplepower,
	6	+ title = {{ People Power Products}},
	7	+ howpublished = {\url{http://peoplepowerco.com/products/}}
	8	+}
	9	+
	10	+@inproceedings{gdi,
	11	+ Author = {Robert Szewczyk and Alan Mainwaring and Joseph Polastre and David Culler},
	12	+ Booktitle = proc # {Second ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys)},
	13	+ Date-Added = {2008-04-13 11:35:45 -0400},
	14	+ Date-Modified = {2008-04-13 11:35:45 -0400},
	15	+ Month = {November},
	16	+ Title = {An Analysis of a Large Scale Habitat Monitoring Application},
	17	+ Year = 2004}
	18	+
	19	+@inproceedings{ggb-monitoring,
	20	+ Address = {Stanford, CA},
	21	+ Author = {Shamim N. Pakzad and Sukun Kim and Gregory L Fenves and Steven D. Glaser and David E. Culler and James W. Demmel},
	22	+ Booktitle = proc # {5th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM 2005)},
	23	+ Date-Added = {2008-04-13 11:47:28 -0400},
	24	+ Date-Modified = {2008-04-13 11:47:28 -0400},
	25	+ Month = {September},
	26	+ Title = {Multi-Purpose Wireless Accelerometers for Civil Infrastructure Monitoring},
	27	+ Year = 2005}
	28	+
	29	+@inproceedings{koala-ipsn08,
	30	+ author = {Musaloiu-E., Razvan and Liang, Chieh-Jan Mike and Terzis, Andreas},
	31	+ title = {Koala: Ultra-Low Power Data Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks},
	32	+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks},
	33	+ series = {IPSN '08},
	34	+ year = {2008},
	35	+ isbn = {978-0-7695-3157-1},
	36	+ pages = {421--432},
	37	+ numpages = {12},
	38	+ url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IPSN.2008.10},
	39	+ doi = {10.1109/IPSN.2008.10},
	40	+ acmid = {1372752},
	41	+ publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
	42	+ address = {Washington, DC, USA},
	43	+ keywords = {Data gathering, duty-cycling, routing, low-power, network wake-up},
	44	+}
	45	+
	46	+@inproceedings{lance-sensys08,
	47	+ Address = {Raleigh, NC, USA},
	48	+ Author = {Geoffrey Werner-Allen and Stephen Dawson-Haggerty and Matt Welsh},
	49	+ Booktitle = proc # {6th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
	50	+ (SenSys'08)},
	51	+ Month = {November},
	52	+ Title = {Lance: Optimizing High-Resolution Signal Collection in Wireless
	53	+ Sensor Networks},
	54	+ Year = 2008}
	55	+
	56	+
	57	+@misc{phonebloks-url,
	58	+ title = {{ PhoneBloks }},
	59	+ howpublished = {\url{http://www.phonebloks.com/}}
	60	+}
	61	+@misc{etbc-dumping,
	62	+ title = {{ Responsible Recycling vs Global Dumping }},
	63	+ author = {Electronics TakeBack Coalition},
	64	+ howpublished =
	65	+ {\url{http://www.electronicstakeback.com/global-e-waste-dumping/}}
	66	+}
	67	+
	68	+@inproceedings{leaves-ipsn12,
	69	+ author = {Yerva, Lohit and Campbell, Brad and Bansal, Apoorva and Schmid, Thomas and Dutta, Prabal},
	70	+ title = {Grafting energy-harvesting leaves onto the sensornet tree},
	71	+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks},
	72	+ series = {IPSN '12},
	73	+ year = {2012},
	74	+ isbn = {978-1-4503-1227-1},
	75	+ location = {Beijing, China},
	76	+ pages = {197--208},
	77	+ numpages = {12},
	78	+ url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2185677.2185733},
	79	+ doi = {10.1145/2185677.2185733},
	80	+ acmid = {2185733},
	81	+ publisher = {ACM},
	82	+ address = {New York, NY, USA},
	83	+ keywords = {energy-harvesting sensor node, low power wireless networking},
	84	+}
	85	+
	86	+
	87	+@INPROCEEDINGS{hitchhikers-sensys08,
	88	+ author = {Guillermo Barrenetxea and François Ingelrest and Gunnar Schaefer and Martin Vetterli},
	89	+ title = {The Hitchhiker's Guide to Successful Wireless Sensor Network Deployments},
	90	+ booktitle = {in Proceedings of ACM SenSys},
	91	+ year = {2008}
	92	+}
	93	+
	94	+@inproceedings{hijack-dev10,
	95	+ author = {Kuo, Ye-Sheng and Verma, Sonal and Schmid, Thomas and Dutta, Prabal},
	96	+ title = {Hijacking power and bandwidth from the mobile phone's audio interface},
	97	+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the First ACM Symposium on Computing for Development},
	98	+ series = {ACM DEV '10},
	99	+ year = {2010},
	100	+ isbn = {978-1-4503-0473-3},
	101	+ location = {London, United Kingdom},
	102	+ pages = {24:1--24:10},
	103	+ articleno = {24},
	104	+ numpages = {10},
	105	+ url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1926180.1926210},
	106	+ doi = {10.1145/1926180.1926210},
	107	+ acmid = {1926210},
	108	+ publisher = {ACM},
	109	+ address = {New York, NY, USA},
	110	+ keywords = {audio communications, energy harvesting, mobile phones, participatory sensing, phone peripherals},
	111	+}
	112	+
	113	+@misc{cnn-goldinphone,
	114	+ title = {{Your dead iPhone is a gold mine---literally}},
	115	+ author = {David Goldman},
	116	+ howpublished =
	117	+ {\url{http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/13/technology/iphone_trade_in/}}
	118	+}
	119	+
	120	+@misc{sprint-m2m,
	121	+ title = {{Sprint M2M Solutions}},
	122	+ author = {Sprint},
	123	+ howpublished = {\url{http://m2m.sprint.com/}}
	124	+}
	125	+
	126	+@misc{sprintgreen-url,
	127	+ title = {{Newsweek's 2012 Green Rankings}},
	128	+ author = {\url{greenbiz.com}},
	129	+ howpublished =
	130	+ {\url{http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2012/10/20/newsweeks-2012-green-rankings-time-its-serious}}}
	131	+
	132	+@misc{sprintrecycle-url,
	133	+ title = {{Sprint Re:cycle}},
	134	+ author = {\url{sprint.com}},
	135	+ howpublished =
	136	+ {\url{http://www.sprint.com/responsibility/communities_across/index.html}}}
	137	+
	138	+@misc{sprintpolicy-url,
	139	+ title = {{Sprint Electronics Stewardship Policy}},
	140	+ author = {{Sprint}},
	141	+ howpublished =
	142	+ {\url{http://www.sprint.com/responsibility/ouroperations/docs/ElectronicsStewardshipPolicy.pdf}}}
	143	+
	144	+@misc{rpipower-url,
	145	+ title = {{RasPi power usage measurements}},
	146	+ author = {\url{www.raspberrypi.org}},
	147	+ howpublished = {\url{http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=63\&t=6050\&start=50}}}
	148	+
	149	+@misc{wirelessenergyconsumption-url,
	150	+ title = {{ Comparing Low-Power Wireless Technologies }},
	151	+ author = {{ Digikey }},
	152	+ howpublished =
	153	+ {\url{http://www.digikey.com/us/en/techzone/wireless/resources/articles/comparing-low-power-wireless.html}}}
	154	+
	155	+@inproceedings{volcano-osdi06,
	156	+ Address = {Seattle, WA},
	157	+ Author = {Geoff Werner-Allen and Konrad Lorincz and Jeff Johnson and Jonathan Lees and Matt Welsh},
	158	+ Booktitle = proc # {7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and
	159	+ Implementation (OSDI 2006)},
	160	+ Month = {November},
	161	+ Title = {Fidelity and Yield in a Volcano Monitoring Sensor Network},
	162	+ Year = 2006}
	163	+
	164	+@INPROCEEDINGS{icem-sosp07,
	165	+ author = {Kevin Klues and Vlado Handziski and Chenyang Lu and Adam Wolisz and David Culler and David Gay and Philip Levis},
	166	+ title = {Integrating concurrency control and energy management in device drivers},
	167	+ BOOKTITLE = proc # "the 12st Annual " #sosp,
	168	+ year = {2007},
	169	+ pages = {251--264},
	170	+ publisher = {ACM}
	171	+}
	172	+
	173	+@misc{computerreplacement-url,
	174	+ title = {{ Most computers replaced after 4.5 years }},
	175	+ author = {{ bit-tech }},
	176	+ howpublished =
	177	+ {\url{http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2011/05/12/most-computers-replaced-after-4-5-years/1}}
	178	+}
	179	+
	180	+@misc{smartphonereplacement-url,
	181	+ title = {{ Trends in Smartphone Turnover }},
	182	+ author = {{ Digital Technology: The Tech Portal }},
	183	+ howpublished =
	184	+ {\url{http://www.technology-digital.com/gadgets/-by-tim-kridel}}
	185	+}
	186	+
	187	+@INPROCEEDINGS{fawn,
	188	+ author = {David G. Andersen and Jason Franklin and Michael Kaminsky and Amar Phanishayee and Lawrence Tan
	189	+and Vijay Vasudevan},
	190	+ title = {FAWN: A Fast Array of Wimpy Nodes},
	191	+ BOOKTITLE = proc # "the 22nd Annual " #sosp,
	192	+ year = {2009},
	193	+pages = {1-14},
	194	+ publisher = {ACM}
	195	+}
	196	+
	197	+@inproceedings{li-smartphonereuse,
	198	+ author = {Li, Xun and Ortiz, Pablo J. and Browne, Jeffrey and Franklin, Diana and Oliver, John Y. and Geyer, Roland and Zhou, Yuanyuan and Chong, Frederic T.},
	199	+ title = {Smartphone Evolution and Reuse: Establishing a More Sustainable Model},
	200	+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 39th International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops},
	201	+ series = {ICPPW '10},
	202	+ year = {2010},
	203	+ isbn = {978-0-7695-4157-0},
	204	+ pages = {476--484},
	205	+ numpages = {9},
	206	+ url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICPPW.2010.70},
	207	+ doi = {10.1109/ICPPW.2010.70},
	208	+ acmid = {1905162},
	209	+ publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
	210	+ address = {Washington, DC, USA},
	211	+ keywords = {Sustainable Computing, Education, Smartphone Evolution},
	212	+}
	213	+
	214	+@misc{epa-ewasteweb,
	215	+ TITLE = {{Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life
	216	+ Electronics}},
	217	+ AUTHOR = {{United States Environmental Protection Agency}},
	218	+ HOWPUBLISHED =
	219	+ {\url{http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/manage.htm}}
	220	+}
	221	+
	222	+@misc{emulab-web,
	223	+ AUTHOR = {{Emulab Total Network Testbed}},
	224	+ TITLE = {{Emulab - Network Emulation Testbed Home}},
	225	+ HOWPUBLISHED =
	226	+ {\url{http://www.emulab.net/}}}
	227	+@misc{planetlab-web,
	228	+ AUTHOR = {{PlanetLab Consortium}},
	229	+ TITLE = {{PlanetLab: An open platform for developing, deploying, and
	230	+ accessing planetary-scale services.}},
	231	+ HOWPUBLISHED =
	232	+ {\url{http://www.planet-lab.org/}}}
	233	+@inproceedings{bursty-sensys09,
	234	+ author = {Alizai, Muhammad Hamad and Landsiedel, Olaf and Link, J\'{o} \'{A}gila Bitsch and G\"{o}tz, Stefan and Wehrle, Klaus},
	235	+ title = {Bursty traffic over bursty links},
	236	+ booktitle = {SenSys '09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems},
	237	+ year = {2009},
	238	+ isbn = {978-1-60558-519-2},
	239	+ pages = {71--84},
	240	+ location = {Berkeley, California},
	241	+ doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1644038.1644046},
	242	+ publisher = {ACM},
	243	+ address = {New York, NY, USA},
	244	+ }
	245	+
	246	+@inproceedings{ctp-sensys09,
	247	+ author = {Gnawali, Omprakash and Fonseca, Rodrigo and Jamieson, Kyle and Moss, David and Levis, Philip},
	248	+ title = {Collection tree protocol},
	249	+ booktitle = {SenSys '09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems},
	250	+ year = {2009},
	251	+ isbn = {978-1-60558-519-2},
	252	+ pages = {1--14},
	253	+ location = {Berkeley, California},
	254	+ doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1644038.1644040},
	255	+ publisher = {ACM},
	256	+ address = {New York, NY, USA},
	257	+ }
	258	+
	259	+@inproceedings{isolation-sensys09,
	260	+ author = {Il Choi, Jung and Kazandjieva, Maria A. and Jain, Mayank and Levis, Philip},
	261	+ title = {The case for a network protocol isolation layer},
	262	+ booktitle = {SenSys '09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems},
	263	+ year = {2009},
	264	+ isbn = {978-1-60558-519-2},
	265	+ pages = {267--280},
	266	+ location = {Berkeley, California},
	267	+ doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1644038.1644065},
	268	+ publisher = {ACM},
	269	+ address = {New York, NY, USA},
	270	+ }
	271	+
	272	+@INPROCEEDINGS{stork,
	273	+ AUTHOR = "T.~Kosar and M.~Livny",
	274	+ TITLE = "Stork: Making Data Placement a First Class Citizen in the Grid",
	275	+ BOOKTITLE = " Proceedings of ICDCS'04 ",
	276	+ PAGES = "342-349",
	277	+ MONTH = "March",
	278	+ YEAR = {2004} }
	279	+
	280	+@ARTICLE{petashare,
	281	+ AUTHOR = "X. Wang and D. Huang and I. Akturk and M. Balman and G. Allen and T. Kosar",
	282	+ TITLE = "Semantic Enabled Metadata Management in PetaShare",
	283	+ JOURNAL = {Journal of Grid and Utility Computing (IJGUC)},
	284	+ YEAR = {2009} }
	285	+
	286	+@inproceedings{cloudclone-hotos,
	287	+ author = {Chun, Byung-Gon and Maniatis, Petros},
	288	+ title = {Augmented smartphone applications through clone cloud execution},
	289	+ booktitle = {HotOS'09: Proceedings of the 12th conference on Hot topics in operating systems},
	290	+ year = {2009},
	291	+ pages = {8--8},
	292	+ location = {Monte Verit\`{a}, Switzerland},
	293	+ publisher = {USENIX Association},
	294	+ address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
	295	+}
	296	+
	297	+@misc{cloudclone-web,
	298	+ AUTHOR = {{Intel Berkeley CloudClone Project}},
	299	+ TITLE = {{CloudClone}},
	300	+ HOWPUBLISHED =
	301	+ {\url{http://berkeley.intel-research.net/bgchun/clonecloud/}}
	302	+}
	303	+
	304	+@inproceedings{motelab-ipsn,
	305	+ Author = {Geoff Werner-Allen and Pat Swieskowski and Matt Welsh},
	306	+ Booktitle = proc # {the Fourth International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'05)},
	307	+ Date-Added = {2008-04-13 11:47:28 -0400},
	308	+ Date-Modified = {2008-04-13 11:47:28 -0400},
	309	+ Month = {April},
	310	+ Title = {{MoteLab: A Wireless Sensor Network Testbed}},
	311	+ Year = 2005}
	312	+
	313	+@misc{motelab-web,
	314	+ AUTHOR = {{Harvard MoteLab Testbed}},
	315	+ TITLE = {{MoteLab}},
	316	+ HOWPUBLISHED =
	317	+ {\url{http://motelab.eecs.harvard.edu}}}
	318	+}
	319	+
	320	+@misc{opencirrus-web,
	321	+ AUTHOR = {{OpenCirrus (TM) the HP/Intel/Yahoo! Open Cloud Computing
	322	+ Research Testbed}},
	323	+ TITLE = {{OpenCirrus (TM)}},
	324	+ HOWPUBLISHED =
	325	+ {\url{http://opencirrus.org}}}
	326	+
	327	+@article{opencirrus-ieee,
	328	+ AUTHOR = {Arutyun I. Avetisyan and Roy Campbell and Indranil Gupta and Michael
	329	+ T. Heath and Steven Y. Ko and Gregory R. Ganger and Michael A. Kozuch and
	330	+ David O'Hallaron and Marcel Kunze and Thomas T. Kwan and Kevin Lai and
	331	+ Martha Lyons and Dejan S. Milojicic and Hing Yan Lee and Yeng Chai Soh and
	332	+ Ng Kwang Ming and Jing-Yuan Luke and Han Namgoong},
	333	+ TITLE = {{Open Cirrus: A Global Cloud Computing Testbed}},
	334	+ JOURNAL ={IEEE Computer},
	335	+ VOLUME = {43},
	336	+ ISSN = {0018-9162},
	337	+ YEAR = {2010},
	338	+ PAGES = {35-43},
	339	+ DOI = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MC.2010.111},
	340	+ PUBLISHER = {IEEE Computer Society},
	341	+ ADDRESS = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}}
	342	+
	343	+
	344	+@inproceedings{opencirrus-hotcloud,
	345	+ AUTHOR = {Roy Campbell and Indranil Gupta and Michael Heath and Steven Y. Ko
	346	+ and Michael Kozuch and Marcel Kunze and Thomas Kwan and Kevin Lai
	347	+ and Hing Yan Lee and Martha Lyons and Dejan Milojicic and David O'Hallaron
	348	+ and Yeng Chai Soh},
	349	+ TITLE = {{Open Cirrus Cloud Computing Testbed: Federated Data Centers for
	350	+ Open Source Systems and Services Research}},
	351	+ BOOKTITLE = {HotCloud'09: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Hot Topics in
	352	+ Cloud Computing},
	353	+ YEAR = {2009},
	354	+ LOCATION = {Sandiego, CA}},
	355	+ PUBLISHER = {USENIX Association},
	356	+ ADDRESS = {Berkeley, CA, USA}}
	357	+
	358	+@Article{lites,
	359	+ author = {A. Arora and P. Dutta and S. Bapat and V. Kulathumani and H. Zhang and V. Naik and V. Mittal and H. Cao and M. Demirbas and M. Gouda and Y-R. Choi and T. Herman and S. S. Kulkarni and U. Arumugam and M. Nesterenko and A. Vora and M. Miyashita},
	360	+ title = {A line in the sand: A wireless sensor network for target detection, classification, and tracking},
	361	+ journal = {Computer Networks (Elsevier)},
	362	+ year = {2004},
	363	+ OPTkey = {},
	364	+ volume = {46},
	365	+ number = {5},
	366	+ pages = {605--634},
	367	+ OPTmonth = {},
	368	+ OPTnote = {},
	369	+ OPTannote = {}
	370	+}
	371	+
	372	+@Article{exscal,
	373	+ OPTauthor = {A. Arora and et. al.},
	374	+ author = {A. Arora and R. Ramnath and E. Ertin and P. Sinha and S. Bapat and V. Naik and V. Kulathumani and H. Zhang and H. Cao and M. Sridharan and S. Kumar and N. Seddon and C. Anderson and T. Herman and N. Trivedi and C. Zhang and M. Nesterenko and R. Shah and S. Kulkarni and M. Aramugam and L. Wang and M. Gouda and Y. Choi and D. Culler and P. Dutta and C. Sharp and G. Tolle and M. Grimmer and B. Ferriera and K. Parker},
	375	+ title = {ExScal: Elements of an Extreme Scale Wireless Sensor Network},
	376	+ journal = {Int. Conf. on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications},
	377	+ year = {2005},
	378	+ OPTkey = {},
	379	+ OPTvolume = {},
	380	+ OPTnumber = {},
	381	+ OPTpages = {},
	382	+ OPTmonth = {},
	383	+ OPTnote = {},
	384	+ OPTannote = {}
	385	+}
	386	+
	387	+@inproceedings{tinyos,
	388	+ author = "Jason Hill and Robert Szewczyk and Alec Woo and Seth
	389	+ Hollar and David E. Culler and Kristofer S. J. Pister",
	390	+ title = "System Architecture Directions for Networked Sensors",
	391	+ booktitle = proc # "the 9th International Conference on Architectural
	392	+ Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems",
	393	+ month = nov,
	394	+ pages = "93-104", year = "2000", address="Boston, MA, USA" }
	395	+
	396	+@inproceedings{contiki,
	397	+ Address = {Tampa, FL},
	398	+ Author = {Adam Dunkels and Bjorn Gronvall and Thiemo Voigt},
	399	+ Booktitle = proc # {First IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNetS)},
	400	+ Date-Added = {2008-04-13 11:47:28 -0400},
	401	+ Date-Modified = {2008-04-13 11:47:28 -0400},
	402	+ Month = {November},
	403	+ Title = {{Contiki: A Lightweight and Flexible Operating System for Tiny Networked Sensors}},
	404	+ Year = 2004}
	405	+
	406	+@inproceedings{sorber2005turducken,
	407	+ title={Turducken: hierarchical power management for mobile devices},
	408	+ author={Sorber, Jacob and Banerjee, Nilanjan and Corner, Mark D and Rollins, Sami},
	409	+ booktitle={Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services},
	410	+ pages={261--274},
	411	+ year={2005},
	412	+ organization={ACM}
	413	+}
...	...

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	1	+++ a/related.tex
	1	+\section{Related Work}
	2	+\label{sec-related}
...	...

submitted/paper.pdf 0 → 100644

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