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figures/tables/tableALL.tex
| @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ | @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ | ||
| 142 | 142 | ||
| 143 | \caption{\small \textbf{Evaluating Components of a Value Measure.} | 143 | \caption{\small \textbf{Evaluating Components of a Value Measure.} |
| 144 | \PhoneLab{} data is used to weight overall app energy usage in a variety of | 144 | \PhoneLab{} data is used to weight overall app energy usage in a variety of |
| 145 | -different ways. Ommitted results are caused by Android reporting energy | 145 | +different ways. Omitted results are caused by Android reporting energy |
| 146 | consumption for non-apps such as the Android System.} | 146 | consumption for non-apps such as the Android System.} |
| 147 | 147 | ||
| 148 | \label{table-results} | 148 | \label{table-results} |
introduction.tex
| @@ -64,13 +64,12 @@ smartphones~\cite{jdpowerbatterylife-url}, we believe this effort is | @@ -64,13 +64,12 @@ smartphones~\cite{jdpowerbatterylife-url}, we believe this effort is | ||
| 64 | worthwhile. | 64 | worthwhile. |
| 65 | 65 | ||
| 66 | In this paper we motivate the idea of a value measure and describe an early | 66 | In this paper we motivate the idea of a value measure and describe an early |
| 67 | -failure at developing one based on measuring content delivery. We begin in | ||
| 68 | -Section~\ref{sec-usage} by describing how useful such a measure would be and | ||
| 69 | -the results of being able to answer questions like those posed above, as well | ||
| 70 | -as formulating design requirements for the value measure itself. | ||
| 71 | -Section~\ref{sec-measure} presents an overview of possible inputs into such a | ||
| 72 | -measure and discussion of how each could be measured and how useful it might | ||
| 73 | -be. In Section~\ref{sec-results} we present at formulating a value measure | ||
| 74 | -based on content delivered through the video display and audio output---an | ||
| 75 | -attempt that we consider a failure based on the result of a user survey, but | ||
| 76 | -one that we hope sheds light on how difficult this challenge may be. | 67 | +failure at developing one. We begin in Section~\ref{sec-usage} by describing |
| 68 | +how useful such a measure would be while also formulating design requirements | ||
| 69 | +for the value measure itself. Section~\ref{sec-measure} presents an overview | ||
| 70 | +of possible inputs into such a measure and discussion of how each could be | ||
| 71 | +measured and how useful it might be. In Section~\ref{sec-results} we present | ||
| 72 | +at formulating a value measure based on content delivered through the video | ||
| 73 | +display and audio output---an attempt that we consider a failure based on the | ||
| 74 | +result of a user survey, but a failure that we hope sheds some light on this | ||
| 75 | +difficult challenge. |
metric.tex
| @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ foreground information---such as a pedometer app. | @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ foreground information---such as a pedometer app. | ||
| 26 | 26 | ||
| 27 | Patterns of interaction may also be useful to observe, and inputs such as | 27 | Patterns of interaction may also be useful to observe, and inputs such as |
| 28 | keystrokes and touchscreen events are simple to track. However, there is more | 28 | keystrokes and touchscreen events are simple to track. However, there is more |
| 29 | -obvious differentation between app interaction patterns between | 29 | +obvious differentiation between app interaction patterns between |
| 30 | categories---users deliver far more keystrokes to a chat client than to a | 30 | categories---users deliver far more keystrokes to a chat client than to a |
| 31 | video player---so it is clear that interaction statistics will have to be | 31 | video player---so it is clear that interaction statistics will have to be |
| 32 | used in conjunction with complementary value measure components that offset | 32 | used in conjunction with complementary value measure components that offset |
results.tex
| @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ large dataset of energy consumption measurements collected by an IRB-approved | @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ large dataset of energy consumption measurements collected by an IRB-approved | ||
| 6 | experiment run on the \PhoneLab{} testbed. \PhoneLab{} is a public smartphone | 6 | experiment run on the \PhoneLab{} testbed. \PhoneLab{} is a public smartphone |
| 7 | platform testbed located at the University at | 7 | platform testbed located at the University at |
| 8 | Buffalo~\cite{phonelab-sensemine13}. 220~students, faculty, and staff carry | 8 | Buffalo~\cite{phonelab-sensemine13}. 220~students, faculty, and staff carry |
| 9 | -instrumented Android Nexus~5 smartphones and receiv subsidized service in | 9 | +instrumented Android Nexus~5 smartphones and receive subsidized service in |
| 10 | return for willingness to participate in experiments. \PhoneLab{} provides | 10 | return for willingness to participate in experiments. \PhoneLab{} provides |
| 11 | access to a representative group of participants balanced between genders and | 11 | access to a representative group of participants balanced between genders and |
| 12 | across a wide variety of age brackets, making our results more | 12 | across a wide variety of age brackets, making our results more |
| @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ redraws. | @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ redraws. | ||
| 112 | \centering | 112 | \centering |
| 113 | \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./figures/survey.pdf} | 113 | \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./figures/survey.pdf} |
| 114 | 114 | ||
| 115 | -\caption{\textbf{Participant responses to energy inefficient app sugestions.} The height of each bar | 115 | +\caption{\textbf{Participant responses to energy inefficient app suggestions.} The height of each bar |
| 116 | demonstrates how many of the suggested apps the user is willing to remove for better battery life. } | 116 | demonstrates how many of the suggested apps the user is willing to remove for better battery life. } |
| 117 | 117 | ||
| 118 | \label{fig-survey} | 118 | \label{fig-survey} |
| @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ redraws. | @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ redraws. | ||
| 122 | To continue the evaluation of our simple content-based value measure, we | 122 | To continue the evaluation of our simple content-based value measure, we |
| 123 | prepared a survey for the 107~\PhoneLab{} participants who contributed data | 123 | prepared a survey for the 107~\PhoneLab{} participants who contributed data |
| 124 | to our experiment. Our goal was to determine if users would be more willing | 124 | to our experiment. Our goal was to determine if users would be more willing |
| 125 | -to remove inefficienct apps, as defined using our content-based measure. As a | 125 | +to remove inefficient apps, as defined using our content-based measure. As a |
| 126 | baseline, we also asked users about the apps that consumed the most energy. | 126 | baseline, we also asked users about the apps that consumed the most energy. |
| 127 | We used each participants data to generate a custom survey containing | 127 | We used each participants data to generate a custom survey containing |
| 128 | questions about 9 apps: the 3 least efficient apps as computed by our | 128 | questions about 9 apps: the 3 least efficient apps as computed by our |
usage.tex
| @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ the second experiment to make it more similar to the first, the adversary | @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ the second experiment to make it more similar to the first, the adversary | ||
| 54 | could remove the apps consuming the least energy up to a given target. | 54 | could remove the apps consuming the least energy up to a given target. |
| 55 | 55 | ||
| 56 | For our value measure we are hopeful that users will prove capable of | 56 | For our value measure we are hopeful that users will prove capable of |
| 57 | -assiging cardinal utilities to apps---as in the second experiment---since | 57 | +assigning cardinal utilities to apps---as in the second experiment---since |
| 58 | this matches most directly with our proposed value measure and could provide | 58 | this matches most directly with our proposed value measure and could provide |
| 59 | ground truth for a value measure computed automatically. The second | 59 | ground truth for a value measure computed automatically. The second |
| 60 | experiment also engages users directly in the task of allocating energy, | 60 | experiment also engages users directly in the task of allocating energy, |
| @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ consumption alone~\cite{carat-sensys13}. Consider attempting to compare a | @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ consumption alone~\cite{carat-sensys13}. Consider attempting to compare a | ||
| 88 | chat client and videoconferencing app by only measuring their energy | 88 | chat client and videoconferencing app by only measuring their energy |
| 89 | consumption. Unless it is terribly written, the chat client will consume less | 89 | consumption. Unless it is terribly written, the chat client will consume less |
| 90 | energy. But this does not mean that it is efficient, or that the | 90 | energy. But this does not mean that it is efficient, or that the |
| 91 | -videconferencing app is not. Ultimately, all the energy consumption | 91 | +videoconferencing app is not. Ultimately, all the energy consumption |
| 92 | comparison truly reveals is that the two apps do different things---which we | 92 | comparison truly reveals is that the two apps do different things---which we |
| 93 | knew. | 93 | knew. |
| 94 | 94 | ||
| @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ By computing value and, thus, energy efficiency, we can overcome these | @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ By computing value and, thus, energy efficiency, we can overcome these | ||
| 104 | weaknesses. A value measure should allow us to compare the efficiency of two | 104 | weaknesses. A value measure should allow us to compare the efficiency of two |
| 105 | apps in different categories based on how efficiently they use energy to | 105 | apps in different categories based on how efficiently they use energy to |
| 106 | deliver user value, making it possible to compare games to email clients to | 106 | deliver user value, making it possible to compare games to email clients to |
| 107 | -video players. Comparisons within the same app category shoud allow users to | 107 | +video players. Comparisons within the same app category should allow users to |
| 108 | select the most efficient email client or web browser. Aggregating results | 108 | select the most efficient email client or web browser. Aggregating results |
| 109 | over all users, differences in app energy efficiency should reflect how well | 109 | over all users, differences in app energy efficiency should reflect how well |
| 110 | the app is written and how well it predicts and adapts to users, not just | 110 | the app is written and how well it predicts and adapts to users, not just |
| @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ However, all of these previous efforts have ignored the critical question of | @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ However, all of these previous efforts have ignored the critical question of | ||
| 154 | mechanisms are, systems that rely on rates will fail if they provide the same | 154 | mechanisms are, systems that rely on rates will fail if they provide the same |
| 155 | rate to Skype and Snapchat, or to a very efficient app and an energy virus. | 155 | rate to Skype and Snapchat, or to a very efficient app and an energy virus. |
| 156 | 156 | ||
| 157 | -A measure of value can be used alone or in conjuction with energy consumption | 157 | +A measure of value can be used alone or in conjunction with energy consumption |
| 158 | to help prioritize limited energy resources. The simplest approach is to | 158 | to help prioritize limited energy resources. The simplest approach is to |
| 159 | attempt to enforce an energy allocation based on the relative value assigned | 159 | attempt to enforce an energy allocation based on the relative value assigned |
| 160 | to each app. To encourage apps to be more energy efficient, it may also be | 160 | to each app. To encourage apps to be more energy efficient, it may also be |